TIC3 Abstracts

(31) Source Monitoring, False Memories and Aging

Hedwige Dehon (University of Liege, Belgium)
Serge Bredart (University of Liege, Belgium)

In this study, we evaluated two different explanations for the absence of false memories in the DRM Paradigm (non activation of the critical lure vs efficient source memory) in younger and older participants. In experiment I, we explored participants’ source monitoring abilities in both groups. Results showed that older subjects recalled fewer studied items, made more false memories and showed poorer source monitoring relative to younger participants. However, elderly participants were still able to correctly monitor the lure in some cases. In experiment II, we explored the influence of warning and study-strategy on the rates of false recall.

(32) False recall when association from study items converges on two strongly related people

Akira Mukai (University of Liege, Belgium)

A recent false memory study (DRM paradigm) used proper names as critical lures (CL) (Bredart, 2000). Following this study, we used lists containing 10 words: the name of person (critical study item: CSI) strongly associated with the CL and 9 other study items that are all close associates of the both people (“Both” lists). These lists were compared with lists contained the same CSI, but other study items were related only to a CL (“Only” lists). The “Both” lists produced less false recall than the “Only” lists. This result could be explained by the difference of amount of activation that a CL and a CSI received.

(33) Dissociation and Flashbulb Memory

Keita Ochi (Tokyo Kasei University, Japan)
Yoichiro Sagara (Teikyo University, Japan)

The present study, focusing on the murder and injury of children at Ikeda Elementary School in Osaka as meterials, examined the relationship between the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the flashbulb memory. As results, it was found that the memory of the Ikeda stabbing incident had constituted flashbulb memories, but the scores of DES showed almost no correlation with the amount of flashbulb memory, the vividness of flashbulb memory, the amount of knowledge about the incident, and the amount of rehearsals. The results suggest the possibility that individual differences in dissociative tendency measured by DES are independent of the flashbulb memory phenomenon.

(34) Absent-mindedness while driving and poor memory performance

Rozmi Ismail (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia)
Peter Chapman (University of Nottingham, U.K.)
Geoffrey Underwood (University of Nottingham, U.K.)

The study aimed to explore the consequences of absent-mindedness while driving. The most common experience of absent-mindedness while driving is the ‘time-gap’ experience. For example, when motorist reaches some point in the drive they reported feeling of “waking-up” and find themselves with no conscious recollection of recovered-driven miles or the last spot passed by. This experience is best explained in terms of people’s failure to be consciously aware of what was going on during the drive. It is hypothesis that such experiences associated with poor memory for driving. This experiment used computer game-driving tasks where the frequency of ‘time-gap’ and driving performance were monitored under predictable and less predictable conditions. In experiment 1, the subjects were asked to report Task Unrelated Images and Thoughts (TUITs) as a manifestation of ‘time-gap’ experiences and subjects had to detect unpredictable infrequent events. Data showed that frequency of TUITs reported correlated with poor memory for speed signs. In experiment 2, the performance of two groups of subjects were compared, one group of subject were the control group, in which they were asked not to report TUITs. The results confirmed of this study confirmed that driving performance and memory for driving situations under time-gap reported were significantly less than those in subjects who did not report time-gap. Subject’s memory for the specific events (i.e., detecting the last car in the scene) was poor, less than half of the questions being correctly answered. Two main characteristics of the nature of time-gap were found. Firstly, it indicates a state of poor attention control where less attention is being given to the driving task. Secondly, it is a sign of poor memory since under such conditions no conscious awareness was involved and the occurrence of TUITs interfered with encoding processes.

(35) Effects of cognitive load and retention interval in time- and event-based prospective memory task on amnesic patients

Koji Yamashita (Synsophy Project, Communications Research Laboratory, Japan)
Masayuki Shirakawa (Section of Clinical Psychology, Hyogo Rehabilitation Center, Japan)

Examined effects of cognitive load and retention interval, and two types of prospective memory (time- and event-based task) on amnesic patients. Prospective memory task was to deliver a message while searching Japanese Hiragana letters for the story in the high cognitive load condition, whereas for the number array in the low condition. In time-based task, participants were required to respond on either 2 or 7 minutes, whereas, in event-based task, to respond for alarm. Results showed that in the time-based task, as retention interval was long, participant’s performance was worse in the high load condition than in the low condition, but in the event-based task, there were no effects on cognitive load and retention interval. These findings were discussed in terms of the relationship between frontal lobe function and environmental support.

(36) Predictive planning of pending goals

Hama Watanabe (Nagoya University)

Pending goals are intentions that are postponed by a planner because they do not fit into the current, ongoing activity. Recognizing later opportunities to achieve pending goals is an important cognitive ability because it allows one to defer work on a goal until one is in a better position to achieve it. This study focuses on how pending goal are recognized in everyday planning situations and offers a predictive encoding model of goal representation.

(37) Do patterns of task shift make an effect on duration-estimation?

Yuko Suzuki (University of Tsukuba, Japan)

This study investigated the effects of context on estimation of the remembered duration. Subjects added and/or subtracted 1- or 2-digit numbers for 220 seconds. The combination of addition and subtraction was manipulated in 4 conditions, constant addition, constant subtraction, random, and regular switching for every 3 lines. After calculations, subjects estimated the remembered duration and were asked some introspection. Results of estimated times of random condition were longer than switching condition. As subjective speed and estimated time didn’t covariate, it was proposed that subjects estimated time by modifying with their boredom.

(38) How long does it take to master 1,000 words in a second language perfectly?

Takafumi Terasawa (Okayama University, Japan)
Tetsuya Yoshida (University of Tsukuba)
Nobuo Ohta (University of Tsukuba)
Yuko Iwai (Namiki High School)
Shigeru Koyama (Namiki High School)

We are conducting a long-term learning study on second-language acquisition using a new experimental design. It enables researchers to obtain exact data for vast amounts of study-contents covering long study-periods. Additionally, it inserts a long interval between studies and tests, and measures substantial or implicit lexical ability for the words in the second language. A 6-month learning study was conducted, in which the number and the density of study repetitions were controlled, with a one-month study-test interval in all study conditions. The data analysis showed that the effects of even slight word learning were accumulated unconsciously. Furthermore, it provided detailed predictions about how long it would take for each learner to master 1,000 words in a second language.

(39) Memory recognized as important factor in the Internet

Yukihiro Itoigawa (Nihon Unisys, Ltd.)

Long-term memory was recognized well in mental and physical rehabilitation for sport challenge. The author thought that developing ability in sport was recognized about memory of excellent scene for inner energy. But result showed variety response from descriptive subjects. Also the author discovered bumped facts in man machine communication, the Internet and real world. Memory of words, sentences and images were important factors to understand bumped scene. So applied theory was confirmed in private communication, advertising and homepage building. Emotion of friendliness, families and amusing caused from memory were considered as important factors in the Internet culture. Excellent product was brought in memorizing recall. It had meaning to remake classic Japanese culture. As result the author had defined memory research related with emotion is important theme for make break through to build up new communication in the Internet.

(40) Interaction between memory for a moving and a static stimuli

Masayoshi Nagai (Kyoto University, Japan)
Jun Saiki (Kyoto University, Japan)
Ryota Nakai (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)
Akihiro Yagi (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)

When a moving or a static stimulus is presented in isolation, memory for the final position of the moving stimulus is displaced forward in the direction of its motion (Forward Memory Displacement: FMD) but memory for the position of the static stimulus is correct. What occurs in the case that both stimuli are presented? Results showed that FMD decreased with the static and memory for the static was incorrect with the moving. It was suggested that the static served as the reference point for the moving and memory for the static was attracted to the final position of the moving.

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